The symptoms of a cold include:

•          A runny/blocked nose

•          Watery eyes

•          Sneezing

•          Minor throat irritation

•          Mild fever

•          A feeling that your ears are blocked

•          Coloured mucus/nasal discharge

•          Cough

•          Headache

Cold complication are :

• Middle ear infection (earache)
• Sinus congestion (sinusitis)

The symptoms of a flu include:

•          Irritation in the throat or lung

•          A dry cough

•          High fever

•          Shivering

•          Sweating

•          Severe muscle aches

•          Cough

•          Headache

The difference is only on the symptoms, but  have same treatment.

The treatment for cold and flu :

• Decongestan like oxymethaxoline, take drug with oxymethazoline composition.
• Vitamin C or Echinacea for increase immune system.
• Analgesic like paracetamol for decrease headache.
• And product for shore roat ( like siladex ME )

A common skin disease that most people get in their teens and twenties. Acne causes comedones (the blackheads), papules (the pimples), and can cause pustuies, nodules and scars. It usually affects the skin on the face, back and chest.

What causes the ACNE ?

First the grease glands in the skin get big and blocked up, causing greasy skin and blackheads; then skin germs (called propionibacterium acnes) get into a blocked-up gland and cause the pus-filled pimples.

What makes ACNE worse?

It varies. Some people find that certain foods like chocolate and cheese make their acne worse. Some people think acne gets worse when they are nervous. Some women get worse ACNE before their periods.

What helps ACNE ?

Sunlight usually improves acne.

Benzoyl Peroxide lotion, cream or gel cleans the skin and kills the germs. You put it on the skin once a day. It can bleach clothes, irritate the skin (like a mild sunburn).

Azeliac acid cleans the skin, affects the grease, and reduces the germs. It can irritate the skin and make the skin sensitive to the sun.

Retinoid lotions and creams are used once or twice a day. they reduce blackheads.

Antibiotic lotions can be helpful if benzoyl peroxide doesn’t work. Clindamycin Lotion is less irritating to dry or scaly skin.

Oral treatments

Antibiotics:

Tetracycline is the usual antibiotic. It should be taken half an hour before food to ensure that it is absorbed into the body.

Other antibiotics are erythromycin, minocycline, doxicycline and trimethoprim. Antibiotic courses should be tried for at least three months before deciding if they work or not. Side effects include bowel upsets, thrush infections, folliculitis and minocycline can cause hyper pigmentation.

Hormonal Treatments:

Hormone treatment can help. Treatment with Dianette (the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate with ethinyoestradio 35mcg) is as effective as tetracyline but may take 3-6 months to work.

Acne and contraception:

Pills with norethisterone or levonorgesterol may make acne worse, but those with desqogesterol or gestodene do not. Contraceptive pills which contain cyproterone are ideal for women who require treatment for mild or moderate acne and contraception.

ACNE and pregnancy

Some of the tablet treatments for ACNE should not be used if you are pregnant

Severe ACNE

High dose antibiotics (tetracycline tabs 250mg 6-8 tablets a day or minocycline 200mg) can be used.

Oral Isoretinoin is prescribed by hospital dermatologists because of severe side effects. It reduces sebaceous gland activity and the germs. Severe nodular or cystic acne or moderate acne that is resistant to conventional treatment.

You may find it helps to focus on what’s really important to you. It may be:

o better short-term health. Blood pressure and heart rate drop immediately, and circulation improves. Usually the lung cleansing mechanism also starts to recover, and breathing improves.
o a feeling of energy or well-being.
o less worry about long-term health risks. In general, risk of heart attack halves in about a year, and risk of cancer is greatly reduced within a few years of stopping smoking. Perhaps ask your doctor about the effects of smoking on your own health.
o feeling less stressed, and more in control, after the initial effort of stopping.
o social benefits. Less worry about whether you can smoke with friends or in public, and about the health risks for others.
o more money.
o pregnancy. You’ll give your baby the best chance of a healthy start.

What are your plans for stopping?

You may want to think about:

o the times or situations in which you usually smoke, and how you can changes or avoid them. It may be useful to keep a diary of when you smoke, to see if you have particular “cigarette triggers”.
o your stopping date. Setting a date improves your chance of success.
o how you can deal with wanting a cigarette.
o how you can deal with any unpleasant feelings, such as anger or sadness.

How will you deal with problems?

Some smokers find stopping easier than they thought. But you may experience unpleasant effects.

Many of these occur because your body is now free of nicotine – they shouldn’t last long. You may experience craving for tobacco. You could:

o avoid your “cigarette trigger” if possible.
o remind yourself of your reasons for stopping.
o distract yourself. Often the craving will lessen if you delay having a smoke.
o breathe deeply. Deep, slow breathing is calming, especially if you relax your tummy so that your lungs can expand fully.
o try other relaxation techniques. There are lots of good self-help books and tapes suggesting different techniques.
o give your mouth a treat. Slowly sip cold water or juice, or gently brush your teeth.
o get some exercise. This offers a distraction, and may lift your mood.

Physical or mental symptoms may respond to simple remedies:

o stomach upset or constipation. If possible, ear more fruit, vegetables and other fibre-rich foods.
o feeling dizzy or faint. Perhaps eat small regular meals, and take care when getting up.
o changes in mood, concentration or sleep patterns. These are usually short-lasting, but it’s often helpful to build some relaxation and exercise into daily life.

The commoner ‘dry’ type of macular degeneration is very slowly progressive but unfortunately is untreatable and therefore not urgent; An eye specialist can confirm the diagnosis and arrange low visual aid advice and partially sighted or blind registration. You may loseyour central vision but oyur peripheral vision is always preserved.

You should be sent to an eye specialist urgently if you have a sudden onset. This suggests a haemorrhagic or ‘exudative’ type of macular degeneration which can occasionally be arrested by prompt laser treatment.

Glaucoma (raised pressure in the eye)

The usual simple (open angle) glaucoma takes several years to develop. It is only an urgent condition if the pressure in the eye is above 30 mmHg and some loss of vision is already present. Your optometrist can examine and test eye pressure, visual fields and optic disc appearances to help decide the urgency of treatment.

Squint

If your child has a constant squint, he/she always needs referral to eye specialists and should not wait longer than three months. The risk is the development of amblyopia (blindness in the squinting eye) and the occasional underlying serious abnormality (like cataract). There is less urgency for intermittent squints.

If as an adult you have a sudden onset squint in with double vision and no history of childhood squint you should be seen urgently by an eye specialist (although most are due to microvascular disease).

Cataract (clouding of the lens of eye)

You should see an eye specialist your poor vision disrupts daily activities or work. There are different types of cataract:

* Cortical cataracts are very slow growing and cause blurring and double vision in the affected eye.

* Nuclear sclerosis takes 3-5 years between diagnosis and surgery; it causes late onset myopia and blurred distance vision; near vision is preserved till late on.

* Posterior subcapsular cataract develops rapidly; surgery may be needed after only one year; it causes blurring for near and distance, and glare.

Retinal Vein Occlusion (blockage of a vein at the back of the eye)

This is not treatable but it may be associated with other condition like systemic hypertension, ocular hypertension and possibly diabetes, and these conditions need to be excluded. Specialists can confirm the diagnosis and predict, and limit with laser in appropriate cases, late complications such as chronic macular oedema, retinal and disc neovascularisation causing vitreous haemorrhage, and rubeotic glaucoma

Ectropion (lax eyelids)

This is not urgent unless your cornea is seriously exposed and especially if is numbed.

Watering Eye (epiphora)

In babies most blocked nasolacrimal ducts will resolve spontaneously. Probing the duct to ‘unblock’ it is delayed until 12 months of age. It may be done earlier if a persistently sticky eye shows an undesirable bacteria like a haemolytic streptococcus.

If you have a watering eyes you may be referred to eye specialists especially if discharge is present. A diagnostic probing of the nasolacrimal duct will indicate the level of the blockage; if in the common canaliculus, treatment is generally unsatisfactory and cures are short term; if in the nasolacrimal duct itself, cure by operation is more certain. Probing as a treatment is controversial. Syringing alone gives very little information and no relief.

If you are elderly and have intermittent symptoms (especially if there is no actual watering of the eye) you will not benefit from treatments.

Dry Eye

If you have dry eye problems you do not require hospital referral and can be treated with any artificial tear preparation (eg Hypromellose drops). Most sight-threatening dry eye problems are associated with other diseases such as Sjogrens syndrome and require hospital supervision

Chalazion (lumps in the eyelids)

Most Meibomian cysts (chalazia) will disappear spontaneously although this may take many months. Early treatment with incision and curettage causes unnecessary procedures. You can be referred to an eye specialist if the cyst is large or infected and very persistent.

Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelashes and eyelid margin)

You treat this by thorough cleaning of the lid margins with cotton bud dipped in a weak solution of Sodium Bicarbonate (teaspoon to a pint of warm water or equivalent) morning and night – the alkaline residue discourages the growth of the bacteria responsible for the condition. Follow this cleaning with a smear of antibiotic/ hydrocortisone ointment for up to one month. This is a recurrent condition.

Acne is skin lesion because of  hormone activity, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Acne treatment takes 6 month for have maximal for get a maximum result. Not a relationship between acne and food although some people believe if chocolate and fatty foods can cause acne and getting worse.

UV in the sun can dry the skin and also help exfoliate the acne.

Some causes of acne because :

1. Hormonal changes at puberty, specially androgen production.
2. Sebum and  creatinine production increase during teenage years,

Excess creatinine will block the hair follicles, and then make mikrokomedo. Mikrokomedo develop in to non inflammation lesion ( black head or white head )

Excess sebum can be a growth place from propionibacterium, and make a inflammation lesion.

1. Drug uses like a phenytoin, brith control pills and lithium make the acne getting worse.
2. Stress and irritant also.

From some causes of the acne can explain about the treatment goals, some treatment can prevent the formation of komedo, remove the follicle blockade so the sebum can flow out and reducing number of microbial bacteria. Usual drug from acne on gel, cream or lotion formulation with water or alcohol base.

Preventive action to avoid the acne is very easy, keep your skin clean from oil and dirty also from microbial bacteria. That acne is not getting worse changed your usual soap, your soap must very soft like a baby soap, facial scrub will only make it worse. Don’t scrub your skin too hard, it’s not help.

Some drug you can treat if you getting the acne are some cream or lotion contain salicylic acid, sulfur or resorcinol. But uses resorcinol for a long time have a side effect on thyroid gland. Skin discoloration on dark-skinned patient.